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Traditionally lacking centralized authority, villages were autonomous political units with councils of senior men presiding over decision-making meetings. Their religion involved belief in a creator god, an Earth goddess, ancestors, and other spirit forces. Many are now Christians. In 1967 the Ibo East-Central State seceded from the Nigerian Federation and declared its independence as the state of Biafra. In 1970, after three years of civil war, the Ibo forces surrendered.
The stars stand for the two islands. Red recalls the struggle for independence. Yellow is said to represent the country's cocoa plantations. Effective date: 12 July 1975.
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