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History
Built on the mainland and two small islands, the city was a commercial centre, its key product being a purple dye. Besieged and captured by Alexander the Great in 333332 BC, it came under Roman rule in 64 BC and was taken by Arab forces in AD 638. The Crusaders captured it in 1124, and it never recovered from the destruction it suffered when retaken by the Arabs in 1291. In the 1970s it became a Palestinian guerrilla stronghold and was shelled by Israel in 1979.
Red and white are traditional colours, dating back to the flag of 19th-century Samoan king, Malietoa Laupepa. The Southern Cross constellation links Samoa to other countries in the southern hemisphere. Effective date: 4 July 1997.
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