Proust, Marcel

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French novelist and critic. His immense autobiographical work A la Recherche du temps perdu/Remembrance of Things Past (1913–27), consisting of a series of novels, is the expression of his childhood memories coaxed from his subconscious; it is also a precise reflection of life in France at the end of the 19th century.

Born in Auteuil, Paris, Proust was a delicate, asthmatic child; until he was 35 he moved in the fashionable circles of Parisian society, but after the death of his parents 1904–05 he went into seclusion in a cork-lined room in his Paris apartment, and devoted the rest of his life to writing his masterpiece. Posthumous publications include the novel Jean Santeuil (1957), which seems to have been an early sketch for A la recherche, and Contre Sainte-Beuve/By Way of Sainte-Beuve (1954).

Red recalls the banner of Manas who united the Kyrgyz tribes. The emblem shows a bird's-eye view of a yurt, secured by a lattice of ropes. Effective date: 3 March 1992. >>