Maugham, (William) Somerset

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English writer. His work includes the novels Of Human Bondage (1915), The Moon and Sixpence (1919), and Cakes and Ale (1930); the short-story collections Ashenden (1928) and Rain and Other Stories (1933); and the plays Lady Frederick (1907) and Our Betters (1917). There were new editions of Collected Stories in 1900 and Selected Plays in 1991. A penetrating observer of human behaviour, his writing is essentially anti-romantic and there is a vein of cynicism running through his work.

Maugham was born in Paris. He studied medicine at St Thomas's Hospital, London. He drew upon his medical experiences in his first novel, Liza of Lambeth (1897), and the success of that novel, and of Mrs Craddock (1902), made him decide upon a literary career. Of Human Bondage is once again set in the familiar world of the medical student; The Moon and Sixpence is partly based on the life of the artist Paul Gauguin; Cakes and Ale is about a famous novelist; and The Razor's Edge (1944) is the story of a young US war veteran. During World War I Maugham was a secret agent in Switzerland and Russia, and his Ashenden spy stories are based on this experience. Of his numerous other volumes of short stories, those with a Malayan or Pacific background are particularly well known.

Red stands for hardiness and valour. White signifies purity and innocence. Blue represents vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The latest star, representing Hawaii, was added in 1960. Effective date: 4 July 1960. >>